Farmers catching fish inside a Khaichum (M Biswanath Sinha)
Integrated agriculture–fishery systems represent long-standing agro-ecological practices that combine crop cultivation with aquatic resource management within a shared landscape. Such systems are widely documented across Asia, Africa, and Latin America. While regional variations exist, they are unified by the principle of optimising land and water use through ecological integration.
These systems contribute to food and nutritional security by producing both plant and animal outputs. They reduce reliance on external inputs, as fish support pest regulation and nutrient cycling. They also sustain biodiversity and are particularly suited to smallholder contexts due to their low investment requirements. Despite these advantages, such systems are declining due to the expansion of input-intensive agriculture, erratic rainfall, changing livelihood patterns, and market pressures. This decline threatens the erosion of locally embedded knowledge systems.
Within this context, the Khaichum system of Ukhrul district in Manipur offers a significant example of indigenous innovation. It demonstrates how local communities have developed adaptive and sustainable practices by closely engaging with their ecological environment.
Concept and practice of Khaichum
Khaichum refers to the integration of fish-rearing ponds within paddy fields. The term, derived from the Tangkhul language (khai meaning fish and chum meaning enclosure), denotes a space where fish are retained and nurtured within agricultural fields.
The system involves the construction of small ponds within paddy plots. These ponds vary in size and shape and are distributed according to field conditions. They are not discrete units but integral components of the field ecosystem. Fish move freely between the ponds and the paddy field during the cropping season, with ponds functioning as refuge zones during fluctuations in water levels.
Locally available materials such as stones, logs, and straw are used to create shelter within the ponds. The system is based on experiential knowledge and does not depend on external technological inputs. Its design reflects a functional integration of land, water, and biological resources.
Khaichum in the field (M Biswanath Sinha)
Ecological and historical context
The evolution of Khaichum is closely linked to local ecological conditions and food practices. Fish constitutes an important component of the local diet, yet access to natural water bodies varies across the region. In areas where rivers are less accessible, seasonal flooding of paddy fields creates temporary aquatic habitats.
Local communities historically observed the migration of fish into flooded fields during the monsoon. By constructing ponds within these fields, they were able to retain and manage fish populations. This adaptive response gradually developed into a structured system of integrated farming. The system has demonstrated flexibility over time. However, the fundamental ecological logic of the system has remained intact.
Seasonality and production cycle
Khaichum is closely aligned with the agricultural calendar. Fish stocking typically follows paddy transplantation during the monsoon months. At this stage, fields provide suitable aquatic conditions for fish growth.
Harvesting coincides with the maturation of the paddy crop. As water is gradually drained, fish move towards the ponds, facilitating collection. In some cases, farmers adopt staggered harvesting by retaining a portion of fish stock for later extraction. This approach supports both immediate consumption and future needs.
The system is not governed by rigid scheduling. Instead, it relies on continuous observation of environmental conditions such as rainfall, water levels, and crop growth.
Khaichum inside paddy field (M Biswanath Sinha)
Ecological efficiency and low-input characteristics
Khaichum exemplifies a low-input and ecologically balanced farming system. It does not rely on chemical fertilisers, pesticides, or artificial feed. Fish utilise naturally available food sources, including insects and organic matter.
The interaction between fish and paddy contributes to system efficiency. Fish movement enhances soil aeration, while their feeding behaviour reduces pest incidence. Basic water management practices, including the maintenance of field bunds and the use of simple barriers, ensure water retention and prevent fish escape.
Ponds serve as critical microhabitats that buffer environmental fluctuations. The use of local materials strengthens pond structure and reduces erosion. Overall, the system integrates seamlessly with existing farming practices and entails minimal additional labour.
Community dimension and knowledge systems
Khaichum is embedded within community-based knowledge systems. Its transmission occurs through practice, observation, and intergenerational learning rather than formal instruction.
Collective action plays a significant role in sustaining the system. Women’s groups, in particular, have emerged as important institutional actors in recent years in keeping the tradition alive. Such involvements enable adaptation and innovation while reinforcing the social foundations of the practice.
Nutritional and cultural significance
The system contributes directly to household nutrition by providing an accessible source of protein. Fish harvested from Khaichum are consumed fresh or preserved for later use. Khaichum contributes directly to household food security. Fish harvested from the fields provide a regular source of protein. Families consume fresh fish during the season. Some also preserve fish by drying or fermenting it for later use.
The system supports both introduced and indigenous species. Local varieties such as Ngamu/khaiva, Ngakra, Ngakijou, Ukabi, and Ngacha are still found in these fields. These species are part of the local food culture. They are valued for their taste and nutritional benefits.
Fish is not only a food item. It is also part of social and cultural practices. It is shared during gatherings and used in traditional dishes. By maintaining Khaichum, communities also preserve these cultural links.
The diversity of species adds to resilience. If one species is affected by disease or environmental change, others may still survive. This diversity is an important feature of traditional systems.
Fish inside Khaichum (M Biswanath Sinha)
Constraints and declining trends
Khaichum is currently experiencing decline. Key factors include the spread of chemical-intensive agriculture, increasing preference for monocropping, and changing livelihood aspirations. Rural outmigration has reduced the labour available for traditional farming practices.
Market dynamics also influence adoption. Dependence on purchased inputs, such as fish fingerlings, can reduce economic returns. Furthermore, the lack of formal recognition and documentation limits the visibility and institutional support for the system.
Pathways for revitalisation
Revitalising Khaichum requires aligning community knowledge with institutional and financial support. The system must remain rooted in local practices, strengthened through intergenerational learning, local-language documentation, and farmer exchange. Grassroots mobilisation, led by self-help groups and village institutions, is central to its continuity.
Targeted public support can enhance these efforts. Schemes such as Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) can support fish seed supply and pond development. Livelihood programmes like Viksit Bharat - Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) and the State Rural Livelihood Mission can strengthen community institutions. Additional resources may be accessed through decentralised grants linked to the 16th Finance Commission.
Convergence across these mechanisms, combined with community-led action, is essential. External interventions should remain facilitative, enabling adaptation within local ecological contexts. This approach can support both sustainability and expansion to similar regions.
Conclusion
Khaichum represents more than a method of farming. It is a system shaped by observation, experience, and community life. It brings together land, water, crops, and fish in a balanced way. It supports food security, ecological health, and cultural continuity.
At a time when many traditional practices are fading, Khaichum offers important lessons. It shows how simple systems can be effective and sustainable. It highlights the role of community in maintaining and sharing knowledge.
Preserving such practices is not only about the past. It is also about the future. By valuing and supporting Khaichum, we recognise the importance of indigenous knowledge in building resilient and sustainable food systems.
The author is Mumbai-based policy analyst with experience in social and corporate sectors. This article is written based on his field project in Ukhrul, Manipur. He acknowledges contributions from Ms Jayanti Keishing and Ms Rinlan Phungther for this article. Views expressed here are personal. This article was originally published on e-pao.net and is republished here with permission.