Since time immemorial water has been a common property and in many Indian communities there is deep reverence for flowing water. Using the flow of water for community benefit  is considered an act of great merit and  its misuse and contamination, a sin. In temples, tanks were constructed for rituals and also as a way to earn money for the temple.

The author mentions Kautilya who suggested various laws to ensure that everyone was able to access water. Parts of the Rigveda that deal with irrigation and canal construction are mentioned. The role of the state in constructing irrigation facilities is also highlighted.

Giving examples like Besnagar canal unearthed in Gwalior, the Gangiakonda Cholapuram tank built by King Rajendra Chola and the Western Yamuna canal constructed by King Ferozsha Tuglak, the role played by kings in building irrigation canals in pointed out. The author also touches on how irrigation was managed by the community and the different roles/functions that were required in irrigation management.

The current status of irrigation in India, and the gap between potential and utilisation is detailed. Even in these modern times, at many places, these systems are still managed by the community.

The author concludes with an analysis of a Tank Improvement and Management Project (TIMP), undertaken in the district of Karimnagar in Andhra Pradesh.

This paper was presented at the National Seminar on Water and Culture organised by Kannada University and Sahayoga in 2007.

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