Media - Watershed Development
Watershed Management - A Civil Engineering Course under the National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning
This Civil Engineering Course under the National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL) on the broad subject of Watershed Management is being carried out by Indian Institute of Technology’s and the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore as a collaborative project supported by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (Government of India) to enhance the quality of engineering education in the country, by developing curriculum based video and web courses. In these web based lectures, the authors have developed the subject in detail and in stages in a student-friendly manner.
Case studies on water quality - A presentation by ACWADAM
This presentation by ACWADAM deals with monitoring of water quality in a watershed. It describes the process of going about conducting a hydrogeological study of the watershed, right from the study of the basic geology to the importance of the quality of groundwater in the watershed. The main hydrogeological provinces of India are described - (a) Hard rock regimes: Crystalline rocks, Volcanic (Deccan basalt), (b) Alluvial regimes, and (c) Consolidated sedimentary regimes: Soft sedimentary, Hard sedimentary.
Aquifers: The hosts of groundwater – A presentation by ACWADAM
This presentation by ACWADAM on aquifers states that a systematic approach to groundwater studies is required to understand how water exists in each type of rock or sediment for which hydrogeological mapping of aquifers becomes significant in every watershed programme. The necessity of studying the scientific aspects of groundwater such as its properties and distribution below the earth’s surface is highlighted.
Earth sciences in watershed management – A presentation by ACWADAM
This presentation by ACWADAM on earth sciences in watershed management shows how the occurrence of water within a watershed is governed by the rock types occurring both at the surface and within the subsurface, their sequence and their structure. The presentation deals with the basic components involved in the mapping of a watershed –
- The type of rocks (lithology), and
- The structure (whether these are folded, faulted, fractured, jointed etc.,)
Importance of groundwater – A presentation by ACWADAM
This presentation by ACWADAM deals with the importance of groundwater. It is well-known fact that groundwater forms a very crucial source of water supply in the national scenario on water resources today. And yet, it continues to remain a resource that is both abused and misused. Often, watershed projects suffer from insufficient inputs, especially hydrogeological to address the problem(s) of groundwater within the watersheds.
Groundwater balance – A presentation by ACWADAM
This presentation by ACWADAM deals with the subject of groundwater balance. It begins by describing the skeleton for the water balance equation viz., ground surface, soil, aquifer and bed rock. It describes the processes subsequent to rainfall such as interception, initial detention, depression storage, infiltration, runoff, streamflow, soil moisture retention and recharge.
The watershed water balance equation is explained in terms of input (rainfall and water transfers) and output (runoff, evapotranspiration and infiltration). It notes that the input to a generalized water balance is rainfall whereas the input to a groundwater balance is infiltration. The difference between infiltration & recharge, natural & artificial recharge and interflow & discharge are explained thereafter. The water balance for an aquifer may vary, depending upon the nature of groundwater system –
- Watershed with a deep aquifer
- Watershed has both shallow and deep aquifers
- Watershed has only shallow aquifer
Geological mapping – A presentation by ACWADAM
This presentation by ACWADAM deals with geological mapping. The occurrence of water within a watershed is governed by the rock types occurring both at the surface and within the subsurface, their sequence and their structure. The physical structure which plays host to the water within the watershed is geological. Every watershed programme must therefore include a fundamental understanding of this framework so that the development and management measures planned through such programmes are meaningful and properly justified technically.
Why study weather – A presentation by ACWADAM
This presentation by ACWADAM deals with weather, the most fundamental process that shapes the earth. Meteorology, the science of studying weather, is described where some predictions can be made using atmospheric conditions or some data can be generated using simple equipments. These can in turn be used for measurement of weather for better implementation of a watershed project.
Community organisation in groundwater management – A presentation by ACWADAM
This presentation by ACWADAM on community organization in groundwater management deals with the processes involved in people’s mobilization and participation. The requisites of groundwater management include: resource enhancement, demand management, equitable distribution, institutional mechanism and controlling of free riding. It deals with groundwater management at a local scale when compared to aquifer management.
Aquifer management involves:
- Identification of aquifer on the basis of geology;
- Identification of recharge and discharge areas;
- Assessment of aquifer capacity and yield through aquifer mapping;
- Protection of recharge area and increasing the groundwater level through artificial recharge in recharge area (based on the geology);
- Treating groundwater as a common property resource;
- Encouraging community use of groundwater and restricting individual use;
- Putting in place an institutional mechanism and legal back up for community groundwater management;
- Awareness generation regarding groundwater and science of hydrogeology.
Measurement of weather parameters: Data collection and analysis – A presentation by ACWADAM
The presentation by ACWADAM deals with measurement of weather parameters and outlines the methods used in weather related data collection and analysis. Weather information is necessary for the planning and implementation of watershed programmes, especially in understanding factors like groundwater recharge, the relationship between recharge & discharge and in aspects like irrigation planning.
